Empirical Determination of Transitory and Persistent Delinquency in Chilean Youth: Validation of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale "EGED".

Evidence from several longitudinal studies has established the relevance of the approach of evolutionary criminology to understanding and intervening with adolescent criminal offenders, seeking to halt the criminal behavior before its potential consolidation in adulthood. The aim of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale (EGED) to discriminate between transitory and persistent delinquency in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. The characteristics of the sample are revealed through descriptive analyses, and evidence of validity and reliability is provided that show its discriminant capacity using ROC curves and odds ratios, measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's α and McDonald's Ω), intraclass correlation, and unidimensional statistics. The results indicate that the EGED adequately discriminates between transitory and persistent delinquency, so that its use in contexts of assessment and intervention with adolescent criminal offenders can be recommended, because it helps to determine the intensity of the intervention required.

Examining the Factor Structure of a Risk Assessment Inventory in Young Offenders: FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form.

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

Propiedades psicométricas del ERASOR 2. 0 en adolescentes chilenos con prácticas sexuales abusivas. / Propriedades psicométricas do ERASOR 2. 0 em adolescentes chilenos com práticas sexuais abusivas. / Psychometric Properties of ERASOR 2.0 in Chilean Adolescents with Abusive Sexual Practices

Objetivo: Explorar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento ERASOR 2.0 en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos que han cometido prácticas sexuales abusivas. Método: A través de un diseño instrumental se analizaron los registros de 196 adolescentes varones entre 12 y 18 años, procedentes de seis regiones del país. Resultados: Con base en criterios externos extraídos de los instrumentos MACI y CACSA se informan aceptables propiedades psicométricas de análisis de fiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach 0.75), confiabilidad interjueces (kappa de Fleiss 0.67) y validez concurrente. Discusión: El presente estudio destaca por ser la primera exploración psicométrica del instrumento en Latinoamérica, en la cual se reporta una adecuada evidencia de confiabilidad y validez que sustentan su uso en programas de tratamientos y contextos jurídico-forenses de Chile.

Objective: To explore the psychometric properties of the ERASOR 2.0 instrument in a sample of Chilean adolescents who have committed abusive sexual practices. Methodology: The records of 196 adolescents males between the ages of 12 and 18 from six regions of the country were analyzed through an instrumental design. Results: Based on external criteria from the MACI and CACSA instruments, the psychometric properties of reliability analyses (Cronbach's Alpha 0.75), inter-rater reliability (Fleiss' Kappa 0.67) and concurring validity. Discussion: This study stands out because it is the instrument's first psychometric exploration in Latin America in which adequate evidence of reliability and validity is reported, which support its use in treatment programs and legalforensic contexts in Chile.

Objetivo: Explorar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento ERASOR 2.0 em uma amostra de adolescentes chilenos que cometeram práticas sexuais abusivas. Método: Por meio de um desenho instrumental, foram analisados os prontuários de 196 adolescentes do sexo masculino, entre 12 e 18 anos, de seis regiões do país. Resultados: Com base em critérios externos extraídos dos instrumentos MACI e CACSA, identificam-se propriedades psicométricas aceitáveis de análise de confiabilidade (Alfa do Cronbach 0,75), confiabilidade interobservador (kappa de Fleiss 0.67) e validade concorrente. Discussão: O presente estudo se destaca por ser a primeira exploração psicométrica do instrumento na América Latina, no qual são relatadas evidências adequadas de confiabilidade e validade que apoia seu uso em programas de tratamento e contextos jurídicoforenses no Chile

Hot Executive Function Assessment Instruments in Preschool Children: A Systematic Review.

The study aimed to systematically analyze the empirical evidence that is available concerning batteries, tests or instruments that assess hot executive functions (EFs) in preschoolers, identifying which are the most used instruments, as well as the most evaluated hot EFs. For the review and selection of articles, the systematic review methodology PRISMA was used. The article search considered the EBSCO, Web of Science (WoS), SciELO and PubMed databases, with the keywords "Hot executive function", "Assessment", "test", "evaluation", using the Boolean operators AND and OR indistinctly, between 2000 and April 2021. Twenty-four articles were selected and analyzed. The most commonly used instruments to assess hot EFs in preschool children were the Delayed Gratification Task, the Child's Play Task, and the Delayed Reward Task. Amongst those analyzed, 17 instruments were found to assess hot EFs in preschoolers. The accuracy and conceptual clarity between the assessment of cognitive and emotional components in EFs is still debatable. Nevertheless, the consideration of affective temperature and reward stimulus type, could be an important influence when assessing EFs in this age range. Evidence of the possible involvement of cortical and subcortical structures, as well as the limbic system, in preschool executive functioning assessment has also been incorporated.

Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la memoria episódica en ancianas chilenas sanas / Effects of physical exercise on the episodic memory in healthy elderly chileans

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el efecto de un programa de actividad física regular sobre la memoria episódica verbal y visuoespacial en ancianas chilenas mentalmente sanas. Participaron 74 ancianas sin deterioro cognitivo, divididas en un grupo de intervención, integrado por 34 de ellas, que realizaron actividad física por seis meses; y un grupo control integrado por 40 sedentarias. Se utilizó el Test de Aprendizaje Auditivo Verbal de Rey (TAAVR) y el Test de la Figura Compleja de Rey (TFCR) para la evaluación de la memoria episódica. Asimismo, se realizaron análisis inter e intragrupales con t student y d de Cohen para medir el tamaño de efecto de las pruebas t. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el postest entre el grupo de intervención (GI) y grupo control (GC), observándose mejor rendimiento en las pruebas de memoria episódica verbal y visual del GI con un tamaño de efecto alto. Se concluye que la actividad física regular aumenta la capacidad de procesamiento, retención y evocación de la información verbal y visual episódica en mujeres ancianas sanas...

Our objective was to analyze the effect of a regular physical activity program on the verbal and visuospatial episodic memory on mentally healthy elderly Chileans. Participated 74 elderly women without cognitive impairment û divided into an intervention group = 34 elderly women, who carried out physical activity for six months; and a control group = 40 sedentary women. We used the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) for the evaluation of the episodic memory. Analysis were performed inter- and intra-group with t student and d of Cohen to measure the effect size of t-tests. The results showed statistically significant differences in the post-test between the Intervention Group (IG) and Control Group (CG); noticing better yields in the verbal and visual episodic memory of the IG with a large size effect. It is concluded that regular physical activity increases the processing capacity, retention, and evocation of the verbal and visual episodic information in healthy elderly women...

Validez predictiva del instrumento Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para la intervención en adolescentes infractores de ley: estudio preliminar / Predictive Validity at the Instrument Risk and Resources (FER-R) for Intervention Assessment with Young Offenders: Preliminary Study

Se estudió la validez predictiva del instrumento Ficha de Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para adolescentes infractores de ley, en un lapso de dos años (2009-2011). La FER-R consta de 60 ítems y permite el registro de 10 dominios, riesgos criminogénicos, recursos y el registro de un índice de escalada delictiva. La muestra estuvo conformada por 101 adolescentes varones, entre 14 y 19 años de edad, judicializados y derivados a programas de intervención en medio libre. Los principales resultados muestran que el índice general de riesgo medido por la FER-R, presenta un 68.3 % de aciertos, con un área bajo la curva ROC = 0.73, indicando una magnitud predictiva fuerte de la escala total para predecir reincidencia en los adolescentes infractores chilenos.

The present study examined the recidivism predictive validity of an at risk and resources instrument for young offenders (FER-R) along a two-year span (2009-2011). This instrument has 60 items and it allows the recording of behavior in 10 different domains, grouped in three indices: criminogenic risk, resources, and an index of escalating crime rate. The sample consisted of 101 male young offenders (14 and 19 years), sent over to take part on free medium intervention programs. The main results showed that the overall predictive coefficient of the FER-R was a 68.3% correct, with an area under the curve, AUCs = 0.73, indicating a predictive capacity moderate to strong of recidivism of the instrument for Chilean juvenile offenders.